柱塞泵一般分為單柱塞泵、臥式柱塞泵、軸向柱塞泵和徑向柱塞泵。

　　單柱塞泵

　　結(jié)構(gòu)組成主要有偏心輪、柱塞、彈簧、缸體、兩個(gè)單向閥。柱塞與缸體孔之間形成密閉容積。偏心輪旋轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)，柱塞上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)一次，向下運(yùn)動(dòng)吸油，向上運(yùn)動(dòng)排油。泵每轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)排出的油液體積稱為排量，排量只與泵的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)有關(guān)。

　　臥式柱塞泵

　　臥式柱塞泵是由幾個(gè)柱塞（一般為3個(gè)或6個(gè)）并列安裝，用1根曲軸通過連桿滑塊或由偏心軸直接推動(dòng)柱塞做往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)吸、排液體的液壓泵。它們也都采用閥式配流裝置，而且大多為定量泵。煤礦液壓支架系統(tǒng)中的乳化液泵一般都是臥式柱塞泵。

　　乳化液泵用于采煤工作面，為液壓支架提供乳化液，工作原理靠曲軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)帶動(dòng)活塞做往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)吸液和排液。

　　軸向柱塞泵是活塞或柱塞的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與缸體中心軸平行的柱塞泵。軸向柱塞泵利用與傳動(dòng)軸平行的柱塞在柱塞孔內(nèi)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的容積變化來進(jìn)行工作的。由于柱塞和柱塞孔都是圓形零件，加工時(shí)可以達(dá)到很高的精度配合，因此容積效率高。

　　直軸斜盤式柱塞泵分為壓力供油型和自吸油型兩種。壓力供油型液壓泵大都是采用有氣壓的油箱，靠氣壓供油的液壓油箱，在每次啟動(dòng)機(jī)器之后，必須等液壓漬箱達(dá)到使用氣壓后，才能操作機(jī)械。如液壓油箱的氣壓不足時(shí)就啟動(dòng)機(jī)器，會(huì)對(duì)液壓泵內(nèi)的與滑靴造成拉脫現(xiàn)象，出會(huì)造成泵體內(nèi)回程板與壓板的非正常磨損。

　　徑向柱塞泵可分為閥配流與軸配流兩大類。閥配流徑向柱塞泵存在故障率高、效率低等缺點(diǎn)。上70、80年代發(fā)展的軸配流徑向柱塞泵克服了閥配流徑向柱塞泵的不足。由于徑向泵結(jié)構(gòu)上的特點(diǎn)，固定了軸配流徑向柱塞泵比軸向柱塞泵耐沖擊、壽命長(zhǎng)、控制精度高。變量行程短泵的變量是在變量柱塞和限位柱塞作用下，改變定子的偏心距實(shí)現(xiàn)的，而定于的大偏心距為 5—9mm（根據(jù)排量大小不同），變量行程很短。且變量機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)為高壓操縱，由控制閥進(jìn)行控制。故該泵的響應(yīng)速度快。徑向結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)克服了如軸向柱塞泵滑靴偏磨的問題。使其抗沖擊能力大幅度提高。

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